幼崽接頭是短長度的管道部分,可解決油井施工過程中最常見的問題之一,以獲得準確的繩長。每個套管和管柱都需要降落在特定高度,而正常的 Range 2 接頭(28-32 英尺)通常不會總和達到正確的數量。幼崽關節橋接最終全長套管或管接頭與最合適的著陸區域之間的物理距離。.
快速規格
| 標準長度 | 2、3、4、6、8、10、12 英尺 |
| OD 範圍(管) | 2-3/8 英吋至 4-1/2 英吋 |
| OD 範圍(外殼) | 4-1/2 英吋至 20 英吋 |
| 共同成績 | J-55、N-80、L-80、P-110 |
| 管理標準 | API 5CT/ISO 11960(第 11 版,2023 年) |
| 線程類型 | EUE、NUE、STC、LTC、BTC、高級版 |
| 製造 | 非焊接管道(API 5CT 強制要求) |
什麼是 Pup Joint?為什麼每個 Well 計劃都需要一個?
樁接頭 (Pup Joint) 是一小塊套管、管材或鑽桿 - 通常在 2-12 英尺長範圍內 - 用於微調管柱的總長度,使其達到所需井眼的正確長度。這些短管用作組件內的精確間隔件。它們的製造方式與它們所取代的普通管材相同。.
在管道末端,當離開孔時,沒有幼崽接頭會導致井口末端抬高錯誤,管道抬高錯誤,導致工具面位置深度和尺寸不正確。.
幼崽關節不可或缺的三種情況:
- 井口間距 井口 管道吊架著陸距離井口多遠,且相對於井口法蘭而言。.
- BOP 堆疊組件 - 滑枕封閉區域外部將接頭定位在管身上,而不是滑枕上。.
- 井下刀具放置 生產繩的位置,將氣舉心軸、化學注入點或測井刀具降落在所需的深度。.
【工程說明】
API 幼崽標準長度 API 5CT 表 C。27:2、3、4、6、8、10 或 12 英尺。 (可根據要求提供高達 20 英尺的客製化長度)。69 長度代表了井眼設計中遇到的典型距離。.
為什麼它被稱為小狗關節?
行業民間傳說聲稱,它是以 Line Pipe 的短小(如小狗,而不是狗)命名的,而不是常用的‘pipeline’一詞的縮短版本。管接頭通常的長度為 28-32 英尺(範圍 2),2-12 英尺的部分稱為繩子的‘pup’。對於石油焦定價術語的起源和含義,沒有正式的 API 文檔,但很明顯,它幾十年前就存在於北美各地的油田中。.
幼崽關節與管道乳頭 幼崽乳頭是一種用於管道和製程管道的小型螺紋適配器(NPT 螺紋,通常小於 ½ 英吋)。 Pup 接頭是專門用於油氣井的 OCTG 產品(API 螺紋,2-12 英尺)。不同的產品、不同的標準、不同的應用。.
切勿在採購系統中交叉引用這兩個項目。.
要獲得更詳細和技術性的描述,請查看整個幼犬關節指南。.
瞳孔關節類型及套管、管材、鑽桿及專業
幼崽關節根據它們是由什麼母管弦製成的進行分類;套管和管材幼崽接頭構成了超過 90% 的現場需求的大部分,但鑽桿和各種特殊類型對於滿足特定要求仍然很重要。.
| 類型 | OD 範圍 | 等級 | 連接 | 主要應用 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 管式 Pup 接頭 | 2-3/8″ 和 4-1/2″ | J-55、N-80、L-80、P-110 | 尤,努埃 | 生產串間距 |
| 外殼 Pup 接頭 | 4-1/2″ 至 20″ | H-40、J-55、K-55、N-80、L-80、P-110 | STC、LTC、BTC | 外殼弦調整 |
| 鑽管小狗關節 | 2-3/8″和 6-5/8″ | S-135、X-95、G-105 | NC、IF、FH | BHA 間距 |
| 整體 Pup 關節 | 各種 | J-55 和 P-110 | 沖洗/半沖洗積分 | 間隙關鍵井 |
| 穿孔的 Pup 關節 | 2-3/8″ 和 4-1/2″ | J-55、N-80 | 歐盟 | 氣舉、流量控制 |
最常見的錯誤規格錯誤:關閉套管使用的管道幼崽關節的順序!管道上的連接 (EUE/NUE) 與外殼上的連接 (STC/LTC/BTC) 不匹配。 “Field”專家很快就將其列為鞋盒中的“非生產性”時間“恐龍”之一。特別是在多孔墊上,庫存控制和相容性可能是一隻熊。.
交貨前請務必檢查字串連接並匹配。.
與套管和管材相比,鑽桿幼崽關節具有可更換的旋轉肩部連接(NC、IF、FH)和疲勞循環要求。在 BHA 繩內,鑽環需要與幼崽關節間隔開。.
Pup 接頭尺寸、尺寸和重量參考
最常指定的管道和套管幼崽關節的標準尺寸如下表所示。所有數字均針對標稱外徑、壁厚和每英尺的大致重量。 API 認證的生產商提供多種尺寸。.
管式小狗關節尺寸
| OD(英吋) | 牆(in) | 重量(磅/英尺) | 漂移 ID(in) | 等級選項 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-3/8 | 0.190 | 4.70 | 1.901 | J-55、N-80、L-80、P-110 |
| 2-7/8 | 0.217 | 6.50 | 2.347 | J-55、N-80、L-80、P-110 |
| 3-1/2 | 0.254 | 9.30 | 2.867 | J-55、N-80、L-80、P-110 |
| 4-1/2 | 0.271 | 12.75 | 3.833 | J-55、N-80、L-80、P-110 |
外殼 Pup 接頭尺寸
| OD(英吋) | 牆(in) | 重量(磅/英尺) | 共同成績 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4-1/2 | 0.290 | 13.50 | J-55、N-80 |
| 5-1/2 | 0.304 | 17.00 | J-55、N-80、P-110 |
| 7 | 0.317 | 23.00 | J-55、N-80、L-80 |
| 9-5/8 | 0.395 | 40.00 | J-55、N-80 |
| 13-3/8 | 0.380 | 54.50 | J-55、K-55 |
【工程說明】
尺寸全部符合 API 5CT 表 C。27 /ISO 11960。壁厚許可 -12.5%(API 5CT 第 7.3 條)。對於任何給定長度,重量許可 +6.5% /-3.5%。.
始終根據製造商的工廠證書檢查確切的尺寸。大直徑套管接頭(9 5/8 英吋及以上)有時也可能因缺乏庫存而縮短縱向交貨時間。.
庫存長度從 2 英尺(24 英寸)到 12 英尺不等。最長的常規庫存物品為 10 英尺(英尺)。長度超過 12 英尺的物品不是標準庫存物品,但被視為特殊訂單。.
見 標準管道尺寸 如需更廣泛的 OCTG 尺寸參考,請造訪 pup 聯合產品規格以了解訂單詳細資訊。.
API 5CT 材料等級從 J-55 到 P-110
材料等級:幼崽的等級必須能夠耐受井中存在的機械和化學條件。 API 5 CT 透過最小屈服強度指定管道的等級,並指定熱處理、最大硬度和酸使用資格的進一步標準。依照 API Spec 5 CT 製造的 Pup 接頭應符合與全長管道相同的機械限制。.
| 等級 | 最小產量 (ksi) | 最大產量 (ksi) | 最小拉伸 (ksi) | 熱處理 | H2S 服務 | 典型深度 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H-40 | 40 | 80 | 60 | 滾動 | 不 | <5,000 英尺 |
| J-55 | 55 | 80 | 75 | 標準化 | 不 | 5,000 至 8,000 英尺 |
| K-55 | 55 | 80 | 95 | 標準化 | 不 | 5,000 至 8,000 英尺 |
| N-80 | 80 | 110 | 100 | N&T 或 Q&T | 不 | 8,000–12,000 ft |
| L-80 | 80 | 95 | 95 | 問答 | Yes (NACE) | 8,000–12,000 ft |
| P-110 | 110 | 140 | 125 | 問答 | 不 | >12,000 ft |
等級選擇決策架構
Grade selection revolves around three parameters: well depth (hanging weight), corrosive gases (H₂S and CO₂) in the production stream, and bottom-hole pressure.
- Well depth < 8,000 ft AND no H₂S → J-55 (lowest cost, carbon steel, normalized)
- Well depth 8,000–12,000 ft AND no H₂S → N-80 (alloy steel, quenched and tempered)
- Well depth 8,000–12,000 ft AND H₂S present → L-80 (NACE MR0175 compliant, hardness-restricted)
- Well depth > 12,000 ft OR internal pressure > 10,000 psi → P-110
- Sour service with high mechanical stress → Consider C-90 or T-95 (not standard pup joint stock)
L-80 versus N-80 L-80 and N-80 both define a minimum yield strength of 80 ksi. L-80 defines a maximum hardness of 23 HRC required to be in agreement to NACE MR0175/Sojetiv Kdenid sour service. Using N-80 in HS environments canresult in sulfide stress cracking (SSC).
This is not really a substitute-and it is a safety critical spec difference.
For Pup joints made from a length of Grades L80, C90, T95, C110, C125, or Q125 pipe, a separate tension test doesn’t have to be done if the parent pipe passed all the tests needed to be done.
— API Specification 5CT, 11th Edition, Addendum 1 (2025)
For grade-specific product pages: N-80 tubing | J-55 and K-55 casing
線程連接 EUE、NUE、Premium 和 Buttress
Connection type determines pressure integrity, tensile capacity, and interchangeability. API pup joints offer EUE as the most common tubing connection, while casing pup joints are available with STC, LTC, or BTC. Both ends are threaded to matching specifications, and crossover configurations allow mixed-string applications.
| 連接 | 類型 | Seal Mechanism | Pipe Body Efficiency | 最好的 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 歐盟 | Tubing, coupled | Thread dope + interference | ~95% | Standard production wells |
| NUE | Tubing, coupled | Thread dope + interference | ~80% | Low-pressure, shallow wells |
| STC | Casing, coupled | Thread dope | 60–80% | Standard onshore casing |
| 中尉 | Casing, coupled | Thread dope | 70–85% | Moderate-depth casing |
| 比特幣 | Casing, coupled | None (not gas-tight) | ~95% tension | High-collapse, non-sealing |
| Premium (VAM, Wedge, etc.) | Both, proprietary | 金屬對金屬密封 | 100% | HPHT, sour, deepwater |
Standard API connections (STC/LTC/BTC and NUE/EUE) do not include the metal-to-metal pressure seals. They rely on thread interference coupled with a sealant compound (dope) to maintain pressure containment. An STC connection can only provide 60-80% pipe body tensile strength so it is by definition unsuitable for high load requirements.
Gas tight integrity ( >5,000 psi internal pressure below packer, or any HS exposure) should be established using premium threads with the proven metal-to-metal seal as a minimum specification. Premium threads from Vallourec (VAM), Tenaris (Wedge), and Hunting (SEAL-LOK) will provide 100% pipe body efficiency with proven gas seals.
API Pup Joints 有哪些線程連線可用?
API pup joints are available with all standard OCTG thread types as defined in API 5B and API 5CT. For tubing pup joints in 2-3/8″ through 4-1/2″ OD, EUE (External Upset End) is the most common connection, with NUE (Non-Upset End) used in lower-pressure applications. For casing pup joints from 4-1/2″ to 20″ API 5B standard S, LTC, and BTC thread types are standard. Premium proprietary connection-including Vallourec VAM, Tenaris Wedge, Hunting SEAL-LOK-are available by licensed threading. Crossover pup joints that provide a pair of different threads types from each end (e.g., EUE pin x BTC box) enable tubing string-to-string connection across dissimilar strings without requiring additional crossover subs. The type of coupling must match that of the parent string exactly to preserve pressure integrity and tensile integrity.
使用 Pup 接頭的地方包括鑽孔、完成和生產
Pup joints show up in nearly every phase of well construction. Their role almost always remains the same: balance string length to individual depth requirements-but their application context can range from drilling and production operations, through to final abandonment.
1。 井口間距
Hanger landing at precise elevation. Cementing operation cannot move hanger out of the hole. Pump depths on cue. Run pups to keep the string at specific depths. Backoffs on cue. Most prevalent usage for tubing pup joints.
2。 BOP 堆疊元件
Ensure blowout preventor rams close on pipe body-not couplings. Calculate ram to ram distance in the field, and specify pup joints to position couplings outside the zone the rams can close. A coupling in the ram closure area ensures compromised seal on the rams, and a potential well control event during drilling operations.
3。 井下工具放置
Precise landing for production logging tools, chemical injection mandrels and gas lift valves. Pup joints enable such tools to be installed at specific depths without requiring full length tubing cuts. Both drill pipe and casing string applications benefit from precise placement of downhole equipment in narrow depth windows.
4。 套管著陸
Ensure shoe lands at planned tubing landing point/total string length matches weighted depth plus or minus coupling makeup length. When measured depth exceeds planned depth, pup joints adapt the casing string to land the shoe within 1 ft of weighted depth. This avoids costly alternative-trimming a full joint on the rig floor.
A completion engineer designing a Permian horizontal well spotted a 7-foot gap between the last Range 2 tubing joint and the tubing hanger landing elevation. Instead of cutting and splicing a full joint—which would cost him $800 worth of pipe and leave him with an odd-length tubing string that would need to be rethreaded—I purchased a standard 6-ft EUE pup joint and a 2-ft pup joint and coupled them together. Total additional cost: $340. The string landed 0.3 ft off of TD, and every gas lift mandrel was within spec.
【工程說明】
Spacing calculation: Total pup length required=MD (joint lengths + couplings + tool lengths). Include thread makeup losses:~0.5″ per EUE connection, ~1.0″ per BTC connection. A saver sub at top of string adds additional length that must be accounted for in the calculation.
Context for tubular selection: casing vs tubing | steel casing pipe guide | 導體管
如何製造瞳孔接頭、從原管到成品
Pup joints use the same three-step process as full-length OCTG from the same raw material. The joint is produced as a single continuous coil of material, made up from the same raw material as all OCTG and subjected to the same heat treatment procedures, proper threading and inspection. API 5 CT spec requires PETG pup joints produced to API spec meet the same mechanical properties as the parent pipe.
製造流程
- Raw material selection: Non-welded OCTG-grade steel pipe from certified mills, with verified chemical composition per API 5 CT requirements for the target grade
- Cutting to length: Precision cutting to 1/16″ tolerance using cold-saw or band-saw equipment
- Heat treatment: Q&T (quench and temper) for N-80, L-80, P-110; normalize for J-55. The machine and heat treatment process must match grade-specific requirements exactly
- Straightening: Precision straighten after tempering to meet API runout tolerances for proper thread engagement
- Threading: CNC precision threading to API 5B specifications on both ends
- Inspection & testing: Full-body UT, hydrostatic test (up to 20,000 psi), and dimensional verification
品質保證清單
- ✔ Raw material: Mill certificate with heat number + chemical analysis
- ✔ Heat treatment: Verify grade-specific process (Q&T vs Normalize)
- ✔ Threading: API 5B gauge verification (standoff, taper, thread form)
- ✔ Hydrostatic test: Per API 5CT Table C.44 pressure requirements
- ✔ Ultrasonic inspection: Full-body UT for wall integrity
- ✔ Marking: Per API 5CT Clause 11 (grade, OD, weight, heat number, manufacturer)
“The update strengthens the requirements for the manufacture of steel casing and tubing used in oil and gas drilling and production operations.”
— API Standards Department, API 5CT 11th Edition Addendum 1 Announcement (2025)
Learn more about the parent material: non-welded pipe production process
如何選擇正確的 Pup 接頭 5 變數規格矩陣
Specifying API pup joints correctly requires matching five variables simultaneously. Missing one causes compatibility problems that may not show up until the tubular string is being run into hole. At this point, the cost of non-productive time far surpasses the pup joint’s purchase price.
5 變數 Pup 聯合規範矩陣
- GRADE – Match to well conditions using the decision framework in the grade section above. The pup joint grade must equal or exceed the parent string grade. Never downgrade.
- SIZE – Match OD and weight to the parent string exactly. Never mix weights in a single string—a 6.50 lb/ft pup joint in a 4.70 lb/ft string causes a discontinuity in wall thickness that would lead to a concentration of stress.
- THREAD – Match the current string connection EUE, NUE, BTC, or premium. Confirm thread form, not just diameter. A 2-7/8″ EUE pup joint will not match with a 2-7/8″ premium connection.
- LENGTH use the following equation to compute from your spacing requirement> and order shortest standard lengths combination that meet requirement
- QUANTITY Standard convention orders is 2-3 spare pup joints per well (On average 1x2ft, 1x4ft, 1x6ft addition to (x 2) 10 lengths meets most spacing need experienced during completion).
【工程說明】
Example specification notation for purchase orders and data sheet line items “Pup Joint, 2-7/8″ OD, 6.50 lb/ft, L-80, EUE 8rd, 6 ft, Qty 4” provides all five variables in a notation convention format specified in any oil & gas supplier
When in doubt, order a combination of 2ft + 3ft + 4ft + 6ft. Using these 4 lengths, any 1 ft to 15 ft spacing can be obtained in 1 ft increments.
Thus you have the potential to meet nearly every common well head spacing requirement without ordering custom mills
Pup 聯合市場展望 2025 年成長動力(2034 年)
Pup joint demand closely tracks the broader OCTG market. Three main events are fueling growth through the outlying forecast period:
- North America shale activity- Heavy drilling and completion activity within Permian, Eagle Ford, Bakken basins. The North American OCTG market is forecast at $17.9B in 2025 (47.43% of global) and expected to grow to $19.15B in 2026 (Fortune Business Insights).
- Deepwater exploration- Complex completions in deepwater environment require higher degree of spacing component variables.The result- appropriate quantity of pup joints per well is higher than conventional open land programs.
- Middle east capacity expansion- Multi year drilling programs for Saudi Aramco, ADNOC and QatarEnergy are expanding OCTG consumption regionally.
API 5CT 11th Edition Addendum 1 (2025) manufacturers requirements for steel pipe used in oil & gas applications have tightened, potentially stabilizing supply within qualified manufacturers having sufficient capital to meet said know standards.
Procurement teams planning 2026-2027 well programs should investigate entering long term supply contracts with API certified pup joint manufacturers. Demand growth and tightening quality standards may prolong lead times above current 4-6 week order horizons for standard sizes.
常見問題
Q:幼犬關節和管乳頭有什麼差別?
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Q:幼崽關節有哪些標準長度?
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Q:幼崽關節可以客製化到非標準長度嗎?
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Yes. Most API registered or certified manufacturers can make pup joints any length from 12 inches to 20 ft. Custom lengths go through the same manufacturing steps—heat treatment, threading, inspection—as stock items.
Lead time for non-stock is usually 2-4 weeks longer. Minimum order quantities may also apply.
Q:什麼是閥門小狗零件?
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Q:如何驗證分娩時幼崽關節的品質?
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Q:什麼是完整的幼犬關節?
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Q:幼崽關節需要特殊處理或儲存嗎?
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關於本規範指南
This gathers pup joint spec information from API 5CT specs, manufacturer data catalogs, and publicly-accessible OCTG market references. Dimensional info lists typical API values-individual mill data may demonstrate slight anomalies within listed tolerance ranges. Grade information reflects typical industry engineering selection for most wellbore conditions. Cross-reference to your well program for unique conditions.
參考文獻和來源
- API Specification 5CT, Casing and Tubing, 11th Edition (2023) 美國石油學會
- API 5CT 11th Edition Addendum 1 (2025) – American Petroleum Institute
- IOGP JIP33 Supplementary Specification to API 5CT – International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
- Pup Joint Market Size, Share & Trends (2025) – ReAnIn Research
- Oil Country Tubular Goods Market Report (2034) 財富商業洞察
- API 5CT Casing and Tubing Connections Guide – Energy Steel
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