Pipe elbow fittings are vital parts of contemporary piping systems; they are extremely important for the effective and safe steering of fluid or gas in a defined piping system. These fittings are designed to connect pipes at shifting angles to suit the needs of different applications across construction, manufacturing, oil and gas industries, etc. Careful consideration of what type of pipe elbow fitting to use is important for optimizing system performance, which can be difficult due to many conflicting options. In this article, we aim to consider all types of pipe elbow fittings and their functionalities, along with some important points one needs to remember before choosing to ensure the right fit for specific piping needs. From experts to novices, this article seeks to simplify the mysteries surrounding pipe elbow fittings.
What is a Pipe Elbow and How Does it Work?
An elbow is a type of pipe fitting that is used to change the direction of flow of a pipe system. Other available angles include 90 degrees and 45 degrees. The elbow connects two sections of a pipe, and redirection of a fluid, gas, or material flowing through the system is achieved. Moreover, elbows can be made of stainless steel, brass, plastic, or carbon steel, many of these based on the application’s temperature and corrosion resistance grade. Their main use is the redirection of a piping system while maintaining its structural design.
Understanding the Basics of 90 90-Degree Elbow
An elbow at 90 degrees is one of the most common pipe fittings, which changes the flow direction in a piping system by creating a right angle turn. However, this fitting is critical when routing piping through restricted areas or around obstacles while providing smooth and efficient flow. Custom sizing and materials of the 90-degree elbow are also available for different system needs, such as pressure withstand capacity and corrosion resistance. 90-degree elbow designs provide minimal disruption to flow or structural integrity of the system as well.
How a 45 Degree Elbow Differs from Other Types
Capable of altering flow direction by 45 degrees, a 45-degree elbow is a crucial pipe fitting. It is smoother than the abrupt turn of a 90-degree elbow. This fitting is useful where the pressure loss is lower and turbulence is minimal. Such systems that transport fluids, gases, or slurries will benefit from their hydraulic performance.
A 45-degree elbow is preferable over 90-degree or straight couplings because it is more efficient in longer piping systems. For example, research demonstrates that 45-degree elbows greatly reduce pressure drops, proving useful in energy-efficient systems. This type of elbow can be found in different diameters and materials like stainless steel, copper, and PVC; thus, their versatility is unparalleled, and they are resistant to corrosion or wear depending on the application. In industrial, residential, and commercial systems, this elbow can be used and allows the optimization of flow and enhanced system durability.
Applications for Threaded Pipe and Elbow Fitting
Oil and Gas Industry
For oil and gas operation, transportation pipelines utilize threaded pipes and elbow fittings. Their ability to withstand high temperatures and pressure provides safety and reliability in demanding environments. Corrosion resistance makes stainless steel threaded fittings particularly sought after for offshore rigs.
Data Point: As per industry reports, threaded fittings reduce maintenance costs in oil pipeline systems by welded fittings approximately 20% compared to welded fittings.
Plumbing Systems
In residential and commercial construction, these components are integrated into plumbing networks for water treatment and drainage systems. Where low weight, corrosion resistance, and cost effectiveness are required, PVC threaded pipes with elbow fittings are used.
Data Point: The use of PVC threaded piping systems means a 35% decrease in weight compared to traditional copper systems, which simplifies ease of installation.
HVAC Systems
In heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems threaded pipes and elbow fittings have a significant role. Their use aids the complex interconnection of ducts, ensuring air, water, or refrigerants can flow freely without structural obstruction.
Data Point: Use of 90-degree elbow fittings in HVAC systems has been proven to increase air flow efficiency by up to 15% when properly sized and installed.
Chemical Processing Plants
To contain and transport corrosive or hazardous fluids, threaded pipes and elbow fittings crafted from corrosion-resistant alloys or specialized materials, such as PTFE-lined steel, are used. Their precision craftsmanship ensures that no leaks occur at any of the threaded connections, which is critical for safety.
Data Point: Under comparable conditions, high-grade alloy elbow fittings in chemical plants have a service life up to 10 years longer than standard fittings.
Fire Protection Systems
Durable elbow fittings and threaded pipes are applied in fire sprinkler systems. Their robust construction components are adequate for reliable performance in high-pressure emergency situations.
Data Point: Galvanized steel threaded pipes are compliant with NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Requirements, thus, enabling fire suppression systems to efficiently operate at 300 psi pressure.
Irrigation Infrastructure
In agriculture, threaded pipes and elbow fittings serve the dual purpose of water routing and sprinkler system design. Affordable and lightweight, PVC materials are often preferred.
Data Point: The use of PVC in modern irrigation systems with threaded fittings has yielded operational efficiency improvements of up to 25%.
Industrial Process Systems
Achieving Compatibility With System Requirements
Used in industries such as Manufacturing and Power Generation, threaded pipes and elbow fittings aid in the transport of steam, gas, and other media in industrial processes. Their compatibility with a range of materials ensures suitability for different system requirements.
Data Point: Maintaining integrity under structural pressures exceeding 1,000 psi, industrial systems’ stainless steel threaded fittings claimed secured safety within high-stress environments surpassing 1,000 psi.
How to Choose the Right Steel Pipe Elbow?
Factors to Consider for Stainless Steel Pipe Elbow
Material Grade
It is very important to select the correct grade of stainless steel to ensure that the pipe elbow will function properly under the given conditions. Common types like 304 and 316 provide great resistance to corrosion, with 316 excelling in chloride or marine environments. For processes with high temperatures, 321 and 347 grades are recommended due to their exceptional thermal stability.
Pressure and Temperature Ratings
Like all other fittings, stainless steel pipe elbows have defined limits of operating pressure and temperature. An example would be 304/316 stainless steel elbows which can reasonably work with 2,000 psi of super ambient pressure. Some specialized variants optimize performance in extreme temperatures from -20°F to over 1,000°F while retaining structural integrity.
Connection Type
The connection configuration of the pipe elbow is important for all types of systems, such as threaded, welded, flanged, etc. System efficiency hinges on these factors. Threaded connections are best suited to smaller systems where quick assembly is important. In high-pressure systems, welded connections ensure better protection against leaks, and flanged connections make maintenance easier in complicated layouts.
Radius and Angle
Elbows can be at 45°, 90°, or 180° angles, and short or long radius bends. They must match system requirements regarding bend radius and angle. Long-range elbow options are used for bends that cause less pressure to be lost when passing through the elbow. Short-range elbows are useful for installations with constrained space.
Resistance To Corrosion
Rotary stainless steel pipe elbows are commonly used where moisture and chemicals are present because they are such strong stainless steel. Further protective treatments, such as passive or electro-polishing, enhance the surface, and adding additional protection makes it effective for the corrosive industrial environment for years.
Conformance with Requirements
Check that the stainless steel pipe elbows are compliant with industry standards ASME B16.9, A403, or EN 10253. Such certifications demonstrate expected useful life, accuracy of dimensions, and reliability under extreme operational requirements.
Considering these factors all at once helps the industry streamline their processes while guaranteeing the safety of the piping system and reducing cost spent on lifting or replacing the system.
Comparing Cast Pipe Fitting vs. Socket Weld Elbow
Understanding the differences in processes of manufacturing, mechanical characteristics as well as Industrial uses of cast pipe fitting and socket weld elbow are crucial for appropriate comparisons. These differences have a direct effect on their performance, durability or suitability for specific environment.
1. Manufacturing Process
- Cast Pipe Fittings: These pipe fittings are formed by pouring hot liquid metals in a mold, ease or creation of complex shapes, and a customized design of high creativity is made possible. However, the casting process has the drawback of generating slightly rough internal surfaces, which in finely tuned applications can lead to increased fluid resistance.
- Socket Weld Elbows: These fitting is produced through forging, which subject socket welds elbows to extreme pressure and heating. These processes lead to material strengthening and provides greater resistance to mechanical stress, marking them ideal for high-pressure systems.
2. Mechanical Strength
- The internal micro-porosity created during casting increases the brittleness of pipe fittings. Moderate levels of pressure and temperature work in their favor, however extreme conditions are harsh in their utilisation.
- Forging socket weld elbows makes them superior in mechanical strength relative to cast elbows, making them resilient to harsh pressure and thermal cycling.
3. Usage and Setup
- Due to their lower effectiveness in comparison to other types of fittings, cast pipe fittings are frequently employed in the plumbing and drainage sectors were mass production is required within non-critical systems.
- Socket weld elbows, on the other hand, tend to perform better under high-stress environments such as oil and gas pipelines, petrochemical plants, and power-generating facilities. The weld provided joints with a leak-free and strong connection, so the possibility of danger during crucial operations is nearly eliminated.
4. Heat and Pressure Endurance
Socket weld elbows are known to withstand a maximum pressure of 3000 psi or even higher based on the material grade, while cast pipe fittings tend to operate under lower pressures. This places the former under much harsher conditions than it is built to endure.
5. Financial Factors
This difference in cost is easily justifiable as cast fittings are much cheaper while also being simpler to manufacture and requiring fewer raw materials. Critical systems that are sensitive to harm and require safety almost always justify the extra cost due to their long lifespan and low maintenance needs when using socket weld elbows.
With these factors in mind, engineers as well as executive officials in companies can assess the use of cast pipe fittings or socket weld elbows depending on environmental conditions, project specifications, and funding. Operational dependability, productivity, and meeting industry requirements are achieved through the right choices.
What are the Common Uses of Stainless Steel 90-degree elbows90-degree?
Industrial Applications for 90 Degree Steel Pipe Elbow
In my experience, 90-degree steel pipe elbows are commonly used in many industries that need to change the direction of flow as needed. Industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, and power generation require pipelines to withstand high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, making these fittings invaluable. These fittings find extensive application in the transportation systems for liquids, gases, and steam, where flow needs to change direction smoothly without disrupting system balance.
Residential Uses of 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting
The properties of 304 stainless steel make it extremely resistant to corrosion, durable, and 304 stainless steel pipe fittings have gained acceptance across multiple industrial fields. They are usually used for plumbing applications within the household for the passage of both hot and cold water due to their ability to survive extreme temperatures, not oxidizing, and insulating against corrosion. 304 stainless steel fittings need minimal maintenance because their anti-corrosive nature allows them to withstand high-humidity temperatures for long periods.
304 stainless steel pipe fittings are also popular for distributing natural gas within households of residential customers. Considering the pressure maintained inside the pipes and the connections, these pipes are guaranteed to be leak-proof. More recently, industry research has shown that the switch to stainless steel fittings from galvanized steel lowers the expected long-term reduced maintenance costs by 30 percent. 304 pipe fittings are also applied to HVAC systems for domestic use, food and home brewing, considering the hygienic and food grade benefits they offer, increasing demand from the public. They also serve an aesthetic purpose due to their polished look, which is pleasing to the eye when displayed in open spaces of contemporary houses.
When utilizing 304 stainless steel pipe fittings in residential homes, it improves efficiency and safety whilst sustaining a reliable and affordable solution for extended use.
How to Install a Threaded Pipe Elbow?
Step-by-Step Guide to Installing a Threaded Elbow
1. Tools and Materials List
Before any work begins, please ensure to obtain the items listed herein, as they will be essential throughout:
- Recommended elbow fitting is threaded and compatible with your piping system.
- A pipe or adjustable wrench
- PTFE thread seal tape (Teflon Tape)
- Pipe cutter (needed for length adjustments of the pipe)
- Degreaser or cleaning cloth for pipe thread assembly
2. Check Threaded Parts
Examine the elbow threads along with the ends of the pipes for damages like cracks, debris and other wear. Even the tiniests of damages can affect sealing surface leading to leaks or improper performance.
3. Threads Cleaning and Preparation
Removing rust, oil, and dirt from various threads is done using cleaning cloth which along with degreaser ensures cleanliness. This step will enhance the efficiency of the connection and lessen the possibility of contaminations.
4. Teflon Application
Piping will have their male threaded ends be wrapped in teflon tape as it will cover them to a sufficient amount of 2-3 full wraps. The wrapping is to occurs in a in a clockwise nature to the thread so the fitting will be done seamlessly.
5. Place the Threaded Elbow
Position the threaded elbow on the pipe’s end and hand-tighten it. Ensure alignment with the pipeline and rotate the elbow in a clockwise direction until snug.
6. Further Tighten Using a Tool
Take an adjustable pipe or shifter and further tighten the elbow until it locks firmly in position. Exercise care as overtightening could damage the fitting or threads.
7. Perform Leak Testing
As primary procedures are done, check if there are new leaks by checking the water flow (or whatever substance is intended for the pipeline). Look closely at the joints for any dripping water or moist surfaces. If there are leaks, take apart the joints and follow the procedure again with correct tape application and proper tightening.
8. Tailoring Minor Changes
Reposition as needed at a finer level of detail whilst keeping the elbow within the same rotational position, ensuring it maintains a tight contact seal to avert detachment.
The above procedures act as a guideline on how to efficiently and reliably install threaded elbows ensuring an optimum functioning piping system for a house or industry.
Common Mistakes to Avoid with Male Pipe Threads
Overtightening Pipe Fittings
A prevalent oversight involves overtightening male pipe threads. This can create material stress or even fractures, particularly in PVC or brass fittings. Research indicates overtightening fittings may shorten their lifespan by as much as thirty percent. It is important to achieve tight connections with secures limits for excessive force to avoid damage.
Inappropriate Application of Thread Sealants
Inappropriate application of thread sealers, such as Teflon tape, is a common mistake. An illustrative mistake is applying the tape in the opposite direction to the rotation of the threads, as this would cause inadequate and ineffective sealing. Teflon tape should be applied to the fitting at least 2-3 times in a clockwise direction for sufficient securing. In addition, using inappropriate sealants on certain materials, for instance, oil-based sealants on plastic fittings, will certainly lead to leaking gaps.
Cross Threading
Misalignment and insufficient bearing of the male thread to the female counterpart during fixing will result in cross-threading. This is both a technical error concerning worn threads and incorrect sealing. To avoid cross-threading, it is advisable to perform hand sole turning to fingers first to confirm the bolt is aligned before utilizing a tightening tool.
Using Inappropriate Thread Type or Size
Mixing NPT (National Pipe Tapered) threads with its metric or BSP counterparts will seal improperly and damage the threads dangerously. Assessing the male and female specifications such as diameter, taper, and thread count ensures compatibility.
Failure to Inspect Thread Damage
Overlapping worn, corroded, or cracked male pipe threads pose an often-overlooked issue that can compromise performance and cause leakage. Conducting an installation check for visual inspection ensures threads are clean and ready for optimal performance. Within industrial environments, some producers suggest routine checks of threaded portions with gauges as a matter of quality assurance.
Ignoring Torque Limitations
As seal tightness increases, the risk of breach is substantially higher. Taking these factors into consideration, most industrial systems establish a torque limit that constitutes an upper threshold for seal tightness, further preventing pressure on the threads. If attention is not paid to such measures, connection integrity will be compromised in one of two scenarios: threads become too tightly bolted, or too loosely fastened. Using tightening tools with precision controls adjust these metrics precisely.
Considering these simple adjustments carries significant significance when ensuring male pipe threads are installed correctly and securely, allowing for both tight connections and no leaks. Careful attention to details when installing the components of the system ensures system dependability throughout its use.
What are the Differences Between Butt Weld Elbow and Socket Weld Elbow?
Strengths and Weaknesses of Butt Weld Elbow
Strengths
1. Withstanding Mighty Durability Stress
The focus of butt weld elbows has a key characteristic, their strength. When welded butt weld elbows, becomes a continuous metal structure. This enables the system to withstand extreme temperature and pressure conditions. Due to their strength and reliability under extreme conditions, these fittings are mostly employed in oil & gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries.
2. Preserving Low Flow Resistance
Apart from the advantages butt weld elbows provide in the industrial companies, other areas are also impacted positively. There are no possible internal pockets or overlaps that can cause turbulence. Because of the absolute rotary actuators, it results in having a lower operational inefficiency.
3. Economically Optimal Option for Greater Size Requirements
Due to the big diameter of pipe line and variety of fittings that butt weld provides, their installation can be done in standard built pipelines as well as custom made ones. This makes them a preferred selection for industrial projects that have precise requirements.
Also, butt weld elbows are the most favorable type of fittings economically, because for large diameter pipelines, there are no needs for threaded or socket connections which are used in high volume systems.
Weaknesses
1. Complexity with Installation
The butt weld elbow’s welding procedure requires both skilled labor and specialized equipment. There is an added cost and time expenditure during installation because of the skilled labor and equipment needed for proper alignment and welding to ensure a strong connection.
2. Non-Detachable
Elbows formed using butt weld process create permanent connections upon installation. More often than not, this permanently fixed characteristic complicates prospective repair or modification works, requiring more pipe or fitting parts to be cut than is ideal.
3. Inspection and Testing Requirements
To weld check, some sort of measurement control testing, such as radiography or ultrasonic examination, might need to be incorporated. Compared to other fittings, for example, one threaded or socket weld fitting, this control step adds greater time and cost to the entire process.
Idle welds are susceptible to defects such as porosity, cracks or incomplete fusion if gaps in the weld joint are not done so properly, The connection’s reliability, which involves the leaks or failures, will be a compromise on due to the advanced, unsparing requirements for high-quality welds on ASME B16.9.
Strategic butt weld elbows use requires understanding the strengths and weaknesses listed here and combining them with considerations for system design, operational requirements, along with spatial placement meshed with install and maintain standards.
Advantages of Using Socket Weld Elbows in Plumbing
1. High Strength and Durability
Elbow socket welds, known as fittings with sophisticated design, are best for high-pressure systems due to their being considered robust. They provide a significant bonded mechanical 3 connection between pipes, which guarantees a seal that can tolerate immense pressure and time.
2. Ease of Installation
The snd process involving the elbow socket weld is quite easy, unlike other fitting types, which are much more complex. The position of the pipes to the socket ensures that alignment is almost perfect, hence the chances of wrong installation are eliminated. This process reduces the intervals taken to complete the task and the money used.
3. Enhanced flow characteristics
There are seamless internal surfaces, therefore leading to socket weld elbows, resulting in obstructionless fluid motion. Their design controls spinning and control of other types of motion, which is vital for systems that support high pressure.
4. Resistance to high temperatures and corrosion
Socket weld elbows are components made from stainless steel, carbon steel, or alloy steel. These materials give them great resistance to high temperatures and corrosive environments, making them ideal for serving applications involving harsh chemicals and extreme thermal surroundings.
5. Compliance with Standards
Socket weld elbows are produced as per the ASME socket weld elbows standard. Such compliance guarantees dependable alignment and safety as well as compatibility with numerous plumbing and industrial systems.
6. Reduced Risk of Leakage
Socket weld elbow design eliminates alignment error during installation; therefore,the probability of leaks is greatly diminished. They are ideally suited for critical piping systems in which leakage must be prevented because the welding process and fit are so precise.
With these benefits, reliability in socket weld elbows ensures that plumbing and industrial systems fulfill crucial operational and maintenance needs.
Comparison with Street Elbow and SW Elbow
Socket weld (SW) elbows and street elbows have different functions in piping systems, and knowing how they differ is important for choosing the right fitting. The following comparison covers function, construction, installation, and common use cases.
1. Connection Type
- Street Elbow: The distinctive characteristic of street elbows is that one end has a female thread while the other has a male thread. This allows for connect directly to fittings without the need for a separate connecting part. They are mostly used in threaded systems.
- SW Elbow: Socket weld elbows have a socket in which the pipe is inserted and welded. This creates a permanent joint which will not leak, and is most suited for systems which require high pressure and a strong mechanical connection.
2. Pressure and Temperature Ratings
- Street Elbow: Recommended for low to medium pressure systems because the threaded connection can leak under too much pressure.
- SW Elbow: These fittings are capable of withstanding high-pressure and high-temperature environments, making them preferred for industrial processes such as chemical and power generation systems.
3. Material and Durability
- Street Elbow: Usually made of brass, stainless steel, or plastic. Their durability is sufficient for domestic use or low-stress industrial applications.
- SW Elbow: Made from carbon steel, stainless steel, or alloy steel of a particular grade to withstand highly abrasive and corrosive environments while providing long-term use.
4. Installation
- Street Elbow: Does not require skilled labor, specialized tools or welding making it more simple for temporary or quick installations.
- SW Elbow: Stronger and more permanent connection but requires skilled welding which adds labor costs and initial installation expenses.
5. Space Efficiency
- Street Elbow: Makes it easier to use in residential plumbing or other small systems due to its compact design.
- SW Elbow: Bulky because of the welding socket, needing more room for installation which makes them suitable for larger or complex systems.
6. Performance in Critical Applications
- Street Elbow: Good for general plumbing and drainage, where critical leak prevention is not a necessity.
- SW Elbow: Used in critical piping networks such as oil refineries and gas pipelines where precision, strength, and leakage prevention are crucial.
Data Summary
|
Parameter |
Street Elbow |
SW Elbow |
|---|---|---|
|
Connection Type |
Threaded |
Welding (Socket Fit) |
|
Pressure Handling |
Low to Medium |
High |
|
Primary Material |
Brass, Plastic, Stainless |
Carbon Steel, Alloy Steel, etc. |
|
Installation Effort |
Simple |
Requires Welding Expertise |
|
Applications |
Plumbing, Drainage |
Industrial Piping Systems |
These technical distinctions emphasize the importance of understanding application needs before choosing between a street elbow and a socket weld elbow, ensuring optimal performance and reliability in specific operational environments.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is a 90° elbow, and where is it commonly used?
A: An elbow 90, better known as a 90 degree elbow, is a pipe fitting and is commonly used for plumbing and piping systems. As its name suggests, it changes the flow direction by 90 degrees.
Q: What materials are 90-degree pipe elbows made from?
A: The materials commonly used to make 90-degree pipe elbows include Stainless steel 304, as well as carbon steel, iron, brass, and PVC. The choice of materials varies depending on the intended use and the type of fluid being transported.
Q: How does the diameter of a pipe affect the selection of an elbow?
A: A pipe’s diameter will determine the type of elbow that best fits, as flow efficiency and sealing depend on alignment. All pipe sizes will have proportional elbow sizes that go with them.
Q: What is the difference between a short radius elbow and a long radius elbow?
A: Short radius elbow (SR elbow) has a radius of 1x of the pipe diameter and is used in short, confined places. On the other hand, Long radius elbow (LR elbow) has a radius of 1.5x of the pipe diameter, allowing smoother flow of the liquid with lesser pressure drop.
Q: What is an NPT threaded pipe fitting?
A: An NPT threaded pipe fitting is a fitting with NPT, which stands for National Pipe Thread; it is a custom thread designed to join pipes and fittings within the United States. It guarantees a solid connection without leaks.
Q: What is a 45-degree steel pipe elbow used for?
A 45 45-degree steel pipe elbow is used to change the direction of flow by 45 degrees in piping systems and for a gradual direction shift to reduce pressure loss.
Q: What is a 90-degree barstock street elbow?
A: A 90-degree barstock street elbow is a type of elbow fitting with one female and one male end. This elbow is preferred in applications that require space saving as well as efficient connection of pipes at 90 degrees.
Q: How do elbow connectors function in a plumbing system?
A: Elbow connectors function by permitting pipes to connect in an angular configuration, either 90 or 45 degrees, assisting in navigating pipes around obstructions within a plumbing system.
Q: What are the advantages of using stainless steel 304 for pipe elbows?
A: Advantages of Stainless steel 304 for pipe elbows include corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and elevated temperature and pressure endurance which serve both industrial and residential needs.
Q: Can PVC elbows be used for high-temperature applications?
A: Generally, elbow fittings made of PVC would not be appropriate for high-temperature applications since PVC would weaken with prolonged exposure to high temperatures. Materials like stainless steel or PEX pipe are better suited for such conditions.
Reference Sources
1. Impact from swirling flow on mass and momentum transfer downstream of a pipe with elbow and orifice (Takano et al, 2016, pp. 394–402)
- Key Findings: Apart from the primary question of the impact of swirling flow on mass and momentum transfer, this study seeks to determine the impact of swirling flow on an elbow bend located downstream of a pipe with an orifice. The authors also attempted to determine how the swirling elbow flow had developed prior to inducing flow into the downstream region. Its conclusion stemmed from the fact that the swirling flow generated due to the elbow significantly dominated the downstream flow field and mass/momentum transfer phenomena.
- Method: Experimental study includes a pipe with an elbow and orifice in which velocity and concentration profiles downstream were measured.
2. Wahyudi et al. (2022) conducted a simulation study of a horizontal axis wind turbine propelling with a PVC pipe propeller with elbow tip.(Wahyudi et al., 2022)
- Key Findings: In this study, a horizontal axis wind turbine using a PVC pipe propeller with an elbow tip was tested. The elbow tip was able to augment the torque by roughly 200% in comparison to the case without elicit tip.
- Methodology: CFD simulation with wind tunnel testing was conducted to analyze the aerodynamic performance of the PVC pipe propeller with an elbow tip.
3 (Abbasnia & Shariati, 2023) Experimental and numerical investigation of ratcheting behavior in seamless carbon steel 90° elbow pipe with small dimensions under constant internal pressure and in-plane cyclic bending. (Abbasnia & Shariati, 2023)
- Key Findings: The ratcheting behavior of a 90-degree elbow pipe is studied under constant internal pressure and cyclic bending. The results indicate that the dimensions of the pipe and its loading conditions significantly impacted the ratcheting behavior.
- Methodology: The elbow pipe was subjected to experimental tests and finite element analysis to assess its ratcheting behavior.
5. Steel
